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How Much Does an Image Cost? Measuring Image Token Cost on a 27B Multimodal Model
Measure image token cost on Qwen3.8-27B: tokens, prefill, KV growth, and DocVQA accuracy across resolution tiers on one 24GB card. Find the knee, not the peak.
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Curated technical papers and hands-on implementation guides for the modern AI engineer.
Nobody Broke the Sandbox: Agent Evaluation Scope Has to Live Outside the Model
AISI's eval agents attacked real people with no sandbox breach. The lesson for agent evaluation scope: write it down, then enforce it below the model.
What 80.6% on SWE-bench Verified Doesn't Tell You
DeepSeek V4-Pro leads with 80.6% on SWE-bench Verified, the coding benchmark OpenAI stopped reporting. Why an agentic score belongs to a bundle, not a model.
ArticleRAG Interview Questions: The Retrieval Ladder Behind the Hype
ArticleLLM Inference Interview Questions: The Serving Ladder Interviewers Actually Climb
ArticleFine-Tuning 4-Bit Models: Adapting a Base That Only Ships Quantized
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Post-Training Modern LLMs
Pretraining produces a model that predicts text. Post-training is what turns it into something you can ship. This path walks the levers in the order you would actually reach for them: supervised fine-tuning and adapters, preference optimization without a reward model, the reinforcement-learning map from RLHF to verifiable rewards, RL against a verifier that cannot be talked out of its answer, and finally the inference-time compute that picks up where training leaves off. Every step names the ceiling it runs into.
Evaluating LLMs Honestly
A leaderboard number is a hypothesis, not a result. This path builds the habit of asking what a benchmark measured before quoting what it reported, starting with contamination and judge bias, moving through a case where the advertised figure and the measured one diverge, then to agents where a single passing run tells you almost nothing, and ending where the eval harness itself turns into attack surface.